The Three Faces, 8th Day of Fall, 525 M.E. (Electra): Thus I have heard: The other day, I was kicking back, preparing to fall down some musical rabbit hole while listening to an NTS Radio show on American cellist, composer, producer, and singer Arthur Russell (1951-1992), when I unexpectedly heard someone chanting the Buddhist Heart Sutra. The precise wording they used was different than what I was used to, but with a little research (i.e., a quick Google search), I learned it was based on a Tibetan version of the Sutra. That version goes:
"Avalokiteshvara Bodhisattva practiced deep highest perfect wisdom when perceived the five fields of consciousness all empty, relieved every suffering. Sariputra, form is not different from emptiness. Emptiness not different from form. Form is the emptiness. Emptiness is the form. Sensation, recognition, conceptualization, consciousness, also like this. Sariputra, this is the original character of everything: not born, not annihilated, not tainted, not pure, does not increase, does not decrease. Therefore in emptiness no form, no sensation, no recognition, no conceptualization, no consciousness. No eye, no ear, no nose, no tongue, no body, no mind; no color, no sound, no smell, no taste, no touch, no object of touch; no eye, no world of eyes until we come to also no world of consciousness," etc.
Additional Google searches informed me that Russell was a practicing Buddhist (I did not know that) and that Buddhist philosophy had guided much of his music, although I don't think he ever recorded a version of the Heart Sutra.
If you're unfamiliar with the Sutra, I only quoted the first third or so in the interest of brevity. Also, "Avalokiteshvara Bodhisattva" is an honorific name for the person most widely known as the Buddha (which itself is an honorific name given to Siddhartha Gautama). The Sutra is from instructions he gave to a monk, Sariputra. The first line takes the form of a narrative and the rest are the words of instruction from the Buddha. Technically (grammatically), there should be a quotation mark before the first "Sariputra." Speaking of grammar, there are some serious verb-tense issues and other errors in that first, narrative sentence above, but I copied it just as printed, and as it was chanted in the NTS show.
I find it interesting how different translations bring out different meanings to the text. Whatever the Buddha said or didn't say would have been in Pali, a language now extinct and which had no written form. The teachings were handed down verbally by rote memorization from teacher to student until they were finally transcribed into Sanskrit, and from there into Tibetan, into Chinese, into Japanese, into English, and into nearly all other languages on Earth. As the words traveled from language to language and from teacher to teacher, they changed - morphing and evolving to suit whatever the needs were.
The version I'm most familiar and comfortable with, one of many English-language versions, goes:
"Avalokiteshvara Bodhisattva when deeply practicing prajna paramita clearly saw that all five aggregates are empty and thus relieved all suffering. Sariputra, form does not differ from emptiness, emptiness does not differ from form. Form itself is emptiness, emptiness itself form. Sensations, perceptions, formations, and consciousness are also like this. Sariputra, all dharmas are marked by emptiness. They neither arise not cease, are neither defiled not pure, neither increase not decrease. Therefore, given emptiness, there is no form, no sensation, no perception, no formation, no consciousness, no eyes, no ears, no nose, no tongue, no body, no mind, no sight, no sound, no smell, no taste, no touch, no object of mind, no realm of sight, no realm of mind consciousness," etc.
"Prajna paramita" is the Sanskrit term for the perfection of wisdom. Personally, I prefer the word, "conception" instead of "formation" (which sounds too much like "form") and is less wordy-sounding than the "conceptualization" of the Tibetan version up above. Of course, "conception" also implies birth or intercourse, so there's that.
To give you an idea of how different the translations can be, and the different nuances of meaning revealed in the different translations, an English translation of Vietnamese Zen Master Thich Nhat Hanh's version goes:
"Avalokiteshvara, while practicing deeply with the insight that brings us to the other shore, suddenly discovered that all of the five skandhas are equally empty, and with this realization he overcame all ill-being. Listen Sariputra, this body itself is emptiness and emptiness itself is this body. This body is not other than emptiness and emptiness is not other than this body. The same is true of feelings, perceptions, mental formations, and consciousness. Listen Sariputra, all phenomena bear the mark of emptiness: their true nature is the nature of no birth-no death, no being-no non-being, no defilement-no purity, no increasing-no decreasing. That is why in emptiness, body, feelings, perceptions, mental formations, and consciousness are not separate self entities. The eighteen realms of phenomena which are the six sense organs, the six sense objects, and the six consciousnesses are also not separate self entities. The twelve links of interdependent arising and their extinction are also not separate self entities," etc.
I like the use of "this body" instead of "form." It makes it feel more tangible and real. "Formation" or "conceptualization" is here translated as "mental formation," which is accurate but sounds awkward. The "form" translated as "this body" could be called "physical formation" to distinguish it from "mental formation," but what do I know? When chanting, "formation" or "conception" rolls off the tongue more easily than "mental formation." Similarly, the chant picks up a lot of energy as it catalogs the "no eyes, no ears." etc. portion, so it seems like a buzz-kill to chant "the eighteen realms of phenomena which are the six sense organs, the six sense objects, and the six consciousnesses," which sounds unnecessarily pedantic and scholarly.
So this rabbit hole - different translations of the Heart Sutra - is not at all the one I expected to fall into when I started the NTS playlist, nor what I think Arthur Russell would have expected of his future listeners.